linux文件系统和mount（硬盘,win分区，光驱，U盘）

时间：2014-06-26 15:47:48 收藏：0 阅读：497

fdisk –l查看dos/win/ext2分区(partiton,不是slice,slice是solaris分区)

[root@localhost etc]# /sbin/fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
/dev/hda1               1         991     7960176    b W95 FAT32
/dev/hda2             992        1629     5124735   83 Linux
/dev/hda3            1630        8070    51737332+   f W95 Ext‘d (LBA)
/dev/hda4   *        8071        9730    13327776   bf Solaris
   这个是主分区,MBR(启动记录扇区)的所在

/dev/hda5            1630        1695      530113+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6            1696        8070    51207156    b W95 FAT32

linux 下把DOS扩展分区和逻辑分区都按hda1,2,3,4,5,6排列。扩展分区必须在1-4内，逻辑分区必须>4

fdisk 用法

[root@vm /]# fdisk

Usage: fdisk [-l] [-b SSZ] [-u] device
E.g.: fdisk /dev/hda (for the first IDE disk)
or: fdisk /dev/sdc (for the third SCSI disk)
or: fdisk /dev/eda (for the first PS/2 ESDI drive)
or: fdisk /dev/rd/c0d0 or: fdisk /dev/ida/c0d0 (for RAID devices)
...

mount无参数------显示当前mount上的设备

df -h 常用于代替mount和/sbin/fdisk –l,来看当前mount情况，因为它不显示“虚mount设备”

# df -h
Filesystem            Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2             4.8G 2.9G 1.7G 65% /
/dev/shm               93M     0   93M   0% /dev/shm

而mount显示的虚mount太多
[root@localhost etc]# mount
/dev/hda2 on / type ext2 (rw)

/dev/proc on /proc type proc (rw)
automount(pid1622) on /misc type autofs (rw,fd=4,pgrp=1622,minproto=2,maxproto=4)
automount(pid1672) on /net type autofs (rw,fd=4,pgrp=1672,minproto=2,maxproto=4)
这几个都是虚mount

/dev/hda1 on /mnt/c type vfat (rw)

linux 下设备名

IDE设备	/dev/hda1 尾字母hda,hdb表示不同的硬盘尾数字hda1,hda2,hda3表示不同的分区
SCSI Device	/dev/sd2
光驱	/dev/cdrom
磁带	/dev/rmt/0 （常用于tar）
软驱	/dev/fd 或 /dev/fd0

    注意，安装linux后，不要随便换硬盘的总线，或硬盘的master/slave,因为hda,hdb,都是自动生成的，换总线后或 master/slave后，会造成/dev 设备文件和fstab内容不匹配

    为什么/var都建议单独一个分区？
    /var分区是存放logfile以及系统变动文件的文件系统（/var/tmp和/var/lib/mysql之类的都很大）
    所以不要把/var文件系统包括再root分区里，以免有恶意程序恶意扩大日志文件来dos根分区。

   为什么建议/home也单独一个分区？
一来也是为了保护/分区
二来单独分区可以单独处理，比如在其他系统下mount，tar等

    /etc/fstab-------开机自动mount windows分区

vi /etc/fstab

/dev/hda4 /mnt/wind vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0

文件系统    mount point   分区格式            mount参数
                       umask=000指定加载后的目录的权限问题,
                           都是0,向所有用户开放读写权限

mount [option] filesystem [mount-point]

-t vfat or ext2    -t :Type
ext2    linux分区
vfat    dos/win分区
不设-t,缺省mount认为是vfat

-o utf8 utf8是编码格式,否则中文会有问题

cat /proc/filesystems --------获得系统支持的文件系统类型

[root@localhost dev]# cat /proc/filesystems
nodev   sysfs
nodev   rootfs
nodev   bdev
nodev   proc
nodev   sockfs
nodev   binfmt_misc
nodev   debugfs
nodev   usbfs
nodev   pipefs
nodev   futexfs
nodev   tmpfs
nodev   eventpollfs
nodev   devpts
        ext2                Linux用的文件系统
nodev   ramfs
nodev   hugetlbfs
        iso9660            光盘片用的文件系统
nodev   mqueue
nodev   selinuxfs
nodev   rpc_pipefs
nodev   autofs            autofs 光盘、软盘的自动加载

        vfat               Win95/98/2000文件系统

Solaris 的/proc下没有filesystems,全是进程文件

最简单的mount "dos/win分区"步骤

1． Fdisk -l
[root@localhost macg]# /sbin/fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
/dev/hda1               1         991     7960176    b W95 FAT32
/dev/hda2             992        1629     5124735   83 Linux
/dev/hda3            1630        8070    51737332+   f W95 Ext‘d (LBA)
/dev/hda4   *        8071        9730    13327776   bf Solaris
Partition 4 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/hda5            1630        1695      530113+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6            1696        8070    51207156    b W95 FAT32

2. mount
[root@localhost macg]# mount -t vfat /dev/hda6 /mnt/d
D盘为什么是6，因为是扩展分区上的逻辑分区，逻辑分区都大于4

[root@localhost macg]# ls /mnt/d
avi                   game                 military          temp
CloneCD.v5.2.1.1.rar ghostmp3cdmaker.rar Nero_6.6.1.4.zip The.Hot.the.Cool.&amp_.the.Vicious.1976.dvdrip.cd2.avi
Diablo II             image.ccd            nero.rar          treat1
Drivers               image.img            Recycled          UltraISO_8.2.0.1665.zip
dvdoutput             image.sub            short             yao

    umount卸载的参数要针对文件系统(filesystem)，而不是mount point
umount   /dev/hda6

    mount 软盘

#mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/fd

注意在取出软盘之前要unmount /mnt 否则会导致信息丢失

注意mount光驱,不能用-t vfat/ext2,要用-t iso9660

# mount -t ext2 /dev/cdrom /mnt/c
mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/cdrom,
       missing codepage or other error
       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail or so
# mount -t vfat /dev/cdrom /mnt/c
mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/cdrom,
       missing codepage or other error
       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail or so

# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/c
mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only
# ls /mnt/c
stuck

redhat下，真正的光驱设备文件是设备文件，其他的都是链接

# ls -l
crw------- 1 root root 10, 134 Feb 7 2007 apm_bios
crw------- 1 root root 14,   4 Feb 7 2007 audio
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root        3 Feb 7 2007 cdrom -> hdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root        3 Feb 7 2007 cdwriter -> hdb
crw-rw---- 1 root root   5,   1 Feb 7 2007 console
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root        3 Feb 7 2007 dvd -> hdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root        3 Feb 7 2007 dvdwriter -> hdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk   3,   9 Feb 7 2007 hda9
brw-rw---- 1 root disk   3, 64 Feb 7 2007 hdb

看dmesg
[root@localhost dev]# dmesg
hdb: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM DVD-R CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache

写保护错误write-protected，但仍旧mount上（read-only)

[root@localhost xinetd.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/c
mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@localhost xinetd.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvdwriter /mnt/c
mount: block device /dev/dvdwriter is write-protected, mounting read-only

mount: /dev/dvdwriter already mounted or /mnt/c busy
mount: according to mtab, /dev/hdb is already mounted on /mnt/c
[root@localhost xinetd.d]# ls /mnt/c
autorun   images                RELEASE-NOTES       RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-rawhide
eula.txt isolinux              RPM-GPG-KEY         RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-test
GPL       README-Accessibility RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora TRANS.TBL

linux 下没什么虚拟光驱的操作，直接mount iso 文件即可

[root@localhost ymp]# mount -o loop RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso /mnt/d/disk1

[root@localhost ymp]# ls /mnt/d/disk1
autorun            RELEASE-NOTES-bn.html     RELEASE-NOTES-U1-it.html     RELEASE-NOTES-U2-ta.html     RELEASE-NOTES-U4-en.html
EULA               RELEASE-NOTES-de.html     RELEASE-NOTES-U1-ja.html     RELEASE-NOTES-U2-zh_CN.html RELEASE-NOTES-U4-es.html
GPL

    mount iso 文件，必须加 -o loop参数
[root@localhost mnt]# mount /mnt/d/ymp/RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso /mnt/cd
mount: /mnt/d/ymp/RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso is not a block device (maybe try `-o loop‘?)

    mount 后的iso文件和光盘一样，也是只读的
[root@localhost cd]# chmod +w isolinux/isolinux.bin
chmod: changing permissions of `isolinux/isolinux.bin‘: Read-only file system
mount U盘

    USB U盘和USB硬盘的对应设备文件和scsi 设备重名
都是/dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc

    新redhat,插上U盘后，linux自动找到USB设备，可以通过fdisk -l查到

[root@mail home]# /sbin/fdisk -l

Disk /dev/hda: 10.0 GB, 10005037568 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1216 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83 Linux
/dev/hda2              14        1216     9663097+ 8e Linux LVM

Disk /dev/dm-0: 9294 MB, 9294577664 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn‘t contain a valid partition table

Disk /dev/dm-1: 536 MB, 536870912 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/dm-1 doesn‘t contain a valid partition table

Disk /dev/sda: 128 MB, 128974336 bytes
16 heads, 32 sectors/track, 491 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 512 * 512 = 262144 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
/dev/sda1   *           1         492      125928+   6 FAT16
Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings:
     phys=(499, 15, 32) logical=(491, 15, 32)

虽然设备自动找到了，但mount还必须手工
把 fdisk -l 查到的U盘设备mount到目录中

[root@mail sbin]# mkdir /mnt/usb
[root@mail sbin]# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb
[root@mail sbin]# ls /mnt/usb
10.wma 16.wma 5293.mp3 7406.mp3 am2-bach.wma beethoven4.wma do12.wma kisin3.mp3 11.wma 17.wma 5706.mp3 7.wma am4-bach.wma beethoven5.wma do15.wma mozart570.wma kisin25.mp3

solaris 如何使用usb设备

cd /dev/dsk
ls -l 查看usb设备

mount -F pcfs /dev/dsk/设备名字 /mountpoint

跟linux不同，linux缺省类型是vfat，所以可以不设-t vfat
而solaris缺省类型是ufs,所以必须显示设置-F pcfs

linux文件系统和mount（硬盘,win分区，光驱，U盘）,布布扣,bubuko.com