#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cwchar>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

#include <sstream>
#include <utility>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::string;
using std::vector;
using std::stringstream;

void test_int()
{
  cout << "test_int()" << endl;
  int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3;

  k = j = i;

  cout << "\ti=" << i << endl; // 1
  cout << "\tj=" << j << endl; // 1
  cout << "\tk=" << k << endl; // 1
}

void test_int2()
{
  cout << "test_int2()" << endl;
  int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3;

  (k = j) = i;

  cout << "\ti=" << i << endl; // 1
  cout << "\tj=" << j << endl; // 2
  cout << "\tk=" << k << endl; // 1
}

class People
{
 public:
  People(const string &_name = "")
      : name(_name)
  {}

  People operator=(const People &_p)
  {
    name = _p.name;
    return *this;
  }

  string name;
};

void test()
{
  cout << "test(): not reference" << endl;
  cout << "\tp3=p2=p1" << endl;
  People p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");

  p3 = p2 = p1;
  
  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p1
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p1
}

void test2()
{
  cout << "test2(): not reference" << endl;
  cout << "\t(p3=p2)=p1" << endl;
  People p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");

  (p3 = p2) = p1;
  
  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p2
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p2
}

class PeopleRef
{
 public:
  PeopleRef(const string &_name = "")
      : name(_name)
  {}

  PeopleRef& operator=(const PeopleRef &_p)
  {
    name = _p.name;
    return *this;
  }

  string name;
};

void test_ref()
{
  cout << endl;
  cout << "test_ref(): reference" << endl;
  cout << "\tp3=p2=p1" << endl;
  PeopleRef p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");;

  p3 = p2 = p1;

  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p1
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p1
}

void test_ref2()
{
  cout << "test_ref2(): reference" << endl;
  cout << "\t(p3=p2)=p1" << endl;
  PeopleRef p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");;

  (p3 = p2) = p1;

  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p2
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p1
}

class PeopleDefault
{
 public:
  PeopleDefault(const string &_name = "")
      : name(_name)
  {}

  string name;
};

void test_default()
{
  cout << endl;
  cout << "test_default()" << endl;
  cout << "\tp3=p2=p1" << endl;
  PeopleDefault p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");

  p3 = p2 = p1;
  
  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p1
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p1
}

void test_default2()
{
  cout << "test_default2()" << endl;
  cout << "\t(p3=p2)=p1" << endl;
  PeopleDefault p1("p1"), p2("p2"), p3("p3");

  (p3 = p2) = p1;
  
  cout << "\t\tp2.name=" << p2.name << endl; // p2
  cout << "\t\tp3.name=" << p3.name << endl; // p1
}

int main ()
{
  test_int();
  test_int2();
  
  test();
  test2();
  
  test_ref();
  test_ref2();

  test_default();
  test_default2();
}