Linux Commands 彻底研究（01）：ls
NAME
ls - list directory contents
列出文件夹内容
SYNOPSIS
ls
[OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs
(the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if
none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
列出关于文件的信息（默认当前目录）
如果即没有-cftuvSUX也没有--sort，按字母顺序排列条目。
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
-a, --all
do not
ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
with
-l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape
print octal escapes for nongraphic
characters
--block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE
format below
-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries
ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification
of
file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by
name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]
colorize the output. WHEN
defaults to ‘always’ or can be
‘never’ or ‘auto’. More info below
-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of
contents, and do not derefer-
ence symbolic links
-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs’ dired
mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to
entries
--file-type
likewise, except do not append ‘*’
--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1,
verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before
files.
augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none
(-U)
disables grouping
-G, --no-group
in a long listing, don’t print group
names
-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human
readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links
listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each
command line symbolic link that points to a direc-
tory
--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching
shell PATTERN (overridden
by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD
append indicator with style
WORD to entry names: none (default),
slash (-p), file-type
(--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode
print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries
matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a
symbolic link, show informa-
tion for the file the link
references rather than for the link
itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user
and group IDs
-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don’t treat
e.g. control characters spe-
cially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to
directories
-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non
graphic characters
--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters
as-is (default unless program is
‘ls’ and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double
quotes
--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for
entry names: literal, locale, shell,
shell-always, c,
escape
-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size
print the allocated size of each file, in
blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S,
time -t, version -v
--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of
modification time: atime
-u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or
status -c; use specified
time as sort key if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style
STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is
interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT
is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’,
STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS
instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show
access
time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of
current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext
Display security context. Enable -l.
Lines will probably be
too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context
Display security context so it fits on
most displays. Displays
only mode, user, group, security
context and file name.
--scontext
Display only security context and file
name.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of
fol-
lowing: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for
G, T,
P, E, Z, Y.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only
when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS
environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors
command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright ? 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU
GPL version 3 or later
<http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you
are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to
the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a
Texinfo manual. If
the info and ls programs are properly installed at
your site, the com-
mand
info coreutils ‘ls invocation‘
should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 8.4 March 2014 LS(1)