【PHP内核学习】变量和数据类型
时间:2014-05-08 15:55:06
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|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=---------------------=[ PHP内核中的变量和数据类型]=--------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=--------------------------=[ by d4shman ]=-----------------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=-------------------------=[ May 6, 2014 ]=---------------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|(_____ \| | | (_____ \ /\ / _____) | / )_____) ) |__ | |_____) ) / \ | / | | / /| ____/| __)| (_____ ( / /\ \| | | |< <| | | | | | | | |__| | \_____| | \ \|_| |_| |_| |_|______|\______)_| \_) (向phrack致敬!)<--------------------------( Table of Contents )-------------------------->0x01 变量的结构和类型0x02 哈希表--PHP的灵魂0x03 常量0x04 参考文献<------------------------------------------------------------------------->/////0x01 变量的结构和类型/////1.数据类型1.1静态类型语言(C/Java),编译时确定1.2动态类型语言(php/python),运行时确定1.3无类型语言(汇编),操作的底层存储2.php内核中所有的变量使用同一种数据结构zval来保存,而这个结构同时表示php中各种数据类型,它不仅仅包含变量的值,也包含变量的类型。这就是php弱类型的核心。php中的8中数据类型:2.1标量类型: boolean, integer, float, string2.2复合类型: array, object2.3特殊类型: resource, null3.zval结构体(在php源码目录下Zend/zend.h中定义):struct _zval_struct{/*Variable information*/zvalue_value value /*value, 变量的值*/zend_uint refcount__gc /*reference count, 引用计数器*/zend_uchar type /*active type, 变量的类型*/zend_uchar is_ref__gc; /*变量是否被引用*/}4.变量类型:/*data types */#define IS_NULL 0#define IS_LONG 1#define IS_DOUBLE 2#define IS_BOOL 3#define IS_ARRAY 4#define IS_OBJECT 5#define IS_STRING 6#define IS_RESOURCE 7#define IS_CONSTANT 8#define IS_CONSTANT_ARRAY 9#define IS_CALLABLE 105.变量的值存储typedef union _zvalue_value {long lval; /*long、bool、resource类型*/double dval ; /*double 类型*/struct { /*string 类型, len保存了字符串的长度*/char *val;int len;} str;HashTable *ht; /*数组, 用HashTable实现*/zend_object_value obj; /*object 类型*/} zvalue_value;这里之所以用共同体(union)是因为一个变量只可能有一种类型,符合共同体的特性,如果使用结构体则会浪费内存。实例:创建一个值为10的整型变量lvar,用php脚本的话很简单,就是:$lvar = 10而PHP内核中的实现可能就是类似下面这样:zval lval;Z_TYPE(lvar) = IS_LONG;Z_LVAL(lvar) = 10;/////0x02 哈希表--PHP的灵魂/////1.为什么用哈希表哈希表通常提供CRUD(Create, Read, Update, Delete)操作,设计合理的哈希表中,这些操作时间复杂度为O(1),这也是它被钟爱的原因。hash(key) -> index2.哈希表的实现:结构体 bucket和_hashtable组成了完整的HashTable。首先看bucket结构体(定义在 Zend/zend_hash.h):typedef struct bucket {ulong h; /*hash值*/uint nKeyLength; /*key的长度*/void *pData; /*要保存的内存块地址,通常是malloc来的地址*/void *pDataPtr; /*保存指针数据,不经过malloc的指针,防止产生内存碎片*/struct bucket *pListNext; /*bucket中具有同一hash值的下一个元素*/struct bucket *pListLast; /*bucket中具有同一hash值的上一个元素*/struct bucket *pNext; /*双向链表的下一个元素*/struct bucket *pLast; /*双向链表的上一个元素*/const char *arKey; /*保存key*/} Bucket;可以看出bucket是一个双向链表,这是为了解决多个key冲突的问题(即算法导论中的链接法)再看_hashtable结构体:typedef struct _hashtable {uint nTableSize; /*bucket数组的大小*/uint nTableMask;uint nNumOfElements; /*HashTable中元素的个数*/ulong nNextFreeElement; /*下一个可用的Bucket位置*/Bucket *pInternalPointer /*遍历HashTable元素*/Bucket *pListHead; /*双向链表表头*/Bucket *pListTail; /*双向链表表尾*/Bucket **arBuckets; /*Bucket数组*/} HashTable;========此处为HashTable的结构图========3.神奇的数字--33见我原来的一篇博客:http://blog.csdn.net/wusuopubupt/article/details/11479869下面是PHP源码中的一段注释:/** DJBX33A (Daniel J. Bernstein, Times 33 with Addition)** This is Daniel J. Bernstein‘s popular `times 33‘ hash function as* posted by him years ago on comp.lang.c. It basically uses a function* like ``hash(i) = hash(i-1) * 33 + str[i]‘‘. This is one of the best* known hash functions for strings. Because it is both computed very* fast and distributes very well.** The magic of number 33, i.e. why it works better than many other* constants, prime or not, has never been adequately explained by* anyone. So I try an explanation: if one experimentally tests all* multipliers between 1 and 256 (as RSE did now) one detects that even* numbers are not useable at all. The remaining 128 odd numbers* (except for the number 1) work more or less all equally well. They* all distribute in an acceptable way and this way fill a hash table* with an average percent of approx. 86%.** If one compares the Chi^2 values of the variants, the number 33 not* even has the best value. But the number 33 and a few other equally* good numbers like 17, 31, 63, 127 and 129 have nevertheless a great* advantage to the remaining numbers in the large set of possible* multipliers: their multiply operation can be replaced by a faster* operation based on just one shift plus either a single addition* or subtraction operation. And because a hash function has to both* distribute good _and_ has to be very fast to compute, those few* numbers should be preferred and seems to be the reason why Daniel J.* Bernstein also preferred it.*** -- Ralf S. Engelschall <rse@engelschall.com>*/4.哈希表的操作接口(省略了部分参数)初始化HashTable:int _zend_hash_init(HashTable *ht, uint nSize, hash_func_t pHashFunction);添加新hash值: int _zend_hash_add_or_update(HashTable *ht, const char *arKey, uint nKeyLength, void *pData)查找hash: int zend_hash_find(const HashTable *ht, const char *arKey, uint nKeyLength, void **pData);/////0x03 常量/////1.常量的内部结构typedef struct _zend_constant {zval value;int flags; /*常量标记,如 CONST_PERSISTENT | CONST_CS */char *name;uint name_len;int module_number;} zend_constant;2.define定义常量的过程define的实现(定义在Zend/zend_builtin_functions.c),下面是部分核心代码:ZEND_FUNCTION(define){/* 检查常量名是否存在 */if (zend_memnstr(name, "::", sizeof("::") - 1, name + name_len)) {zend_error(E_WARNING, "Class constants cannot be defined or redefined");RETURN_FALSE;}... // 类常量定义 此处不做介绍c.value = *val;zval_copy_ctor(&c.value);if (val_free) {zval_ptr_dtor(&val_free);}c.flags = case_sensitive; /* 大小写敏感 */c.name = zend_strndup(name, name_len);c.name_len = name_len+1;c.module_number = PHP_USER_CONSTANT;if (zend_register_constant(&c TSRMLS_CC) == SUCCESS) { /*注册常量*/RETURN_TRUE;} else {RETURN_FALSE;}}3.魔术常量PHP中的魔术常量,虽然叫做常量,但它们的值实际上随它们在代码中的位置而变化的。__LINE__ 文件中的当前行号。__FILE__ 文件的完整路径和文件名。如果用在被包含文件中,则返回被包含的文件名。__DIR__ 文件所在的目录。如果用在被包括文件中,则返回被包括的文件所在的目录。它等价于 dirname(__FILE__)。__FUNCTION__ 函数名称__CLASS__ 类的名称。类名包括其被声明的作用区域(例如 Foo\Bar)。__TRAIT__ Trait 的名字。Trait 名包括其被声明的作用区域(例如 Foo\Bar)。__METHOD__ 类的方法名__NAMESPACE__ 当前命名空间的名称(区分大小写)。此常量是在编译时定义的(PHP 5.3.0 新增)。PHP内核会在词法解析时将这些常量的内容赋值进行替换,而不是在运行时进行分析。 举个例子:<?phpecho __LINE__;function demo() {echo __FUNCTION__;}demo();?>PHP已经在词法解析时将这些常量换成了对应的值,以上的代码可以看成如下的PHP代码:<?phpecho 2;function demo() {echo "demo";}demo();?>===========此处涉及编译原理知识,需补充。===========/////0x04 参考文献/////TIPI: http://www.php-internals.com/book/?p=chapt03/03-00-variable-and-data-types
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