ASP.NET MVC 4 (十二) Web API

时间:2014-05-08 20:24:09   收藏:0   阅读:575

Web API属于ASP.NET核心平台的一部分,它利用MVC框架的底层功能方便我们快速的开发部署WEB服务。我们可以在常规MVC应用通过添加API控制器来创建web api服务,普通MVC应用程序控制器根据用户请求的action方法返回ActionResult,而web api服务返回的则是json封装的模型数据。

在开始下面的内容前先给出相关类与接口的代码:

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public interface IReservationRepository {

        IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAll();
        Reservation Get(int id);
        Reservation Add(Reservation item);
        void Remove(int id);
        bool Update(Reservation item);
    }

public class Reservation {

        public int ReservationId { get; set; }
        public string ClientName { get; set; }
        public string Location { get; set; }    
    }

public class ReservationRepository : IReservationRepository {
        private List<Reservation> data = new List<Reservation> {
            new Reservation {ReservationId = 1,  ClientName = "Adam", Location = "London"},
            new Reservation {ReservationId = 2,  ClientName = "Steve", Location = "New York"},
            new Reservation {ReservationId = 3,  ClientName = "Jacqui", Location = "Paris"},
        };

        private static ReservationRepository repo = new ReservationRepository();
        public static IReservationRepository getRepository() {
            return repo;
        }

        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAll() {
            return data;
        }

        public Reservation Get(int id) {
            var matches = data.Where(r => r.ReservationId == id);
            return matches.Count() > 0 ? matches.First() : null;
        }

        public Reservation Add(Reservation item) {
            item.ReservationId = data.Count + 1;
            data.Add(item);
            return item;
        }

        public void Remove(int id) {
            Reservation item = Get(id);
            if (item != null) {
                data.Remove(item);
            }
        }

        public bool Update(Reservation item) {
            Reservation storedItem = Get(item.ReservationId);
            if (storedItem != null) {
                storedItem.ClientName = item.ClientName;
                storedItem.Location = item.Location;
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
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创建API控制器

在已有的MVC WEB应用中添加API控制器来创建WEB服务,VS的添加控制器对话框中可以选择创建API控制器,我们可以选择“Empty API controller”创建不包含任何方法的空API控制器,手工添加对应各个WEB服务操作的方法,一个完整的API控制类类似:

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using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Web.Http;
using WebServices.Models;

namespace WebServices.Controllers {
    public class ReservationController : ApiController {
        IReservationRepository repo = ReservationRepository.getRepository();

        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAllReservations() {
            return repo.GetAll();
        }

        public Reservation GetReservation(int id) {
            return repo.Get(id);
        }

        public Reservation PostReservation(Reservation item) {
            return repo.Add(item);
        }

        public bool PutReservation(Reservation item) {
            return repo.Update(item);
        }

        public void DeleteReservation(int id) {
            repo.Remove(id);
        }
    }
}
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当我们从浏览器访问 /api/reservation时得到的GetAllReservations方法封装的JSON数据,在IE10中得到的结果类似:

[{"ReservationId":1,"ClientName":"Adam","Location":"London"}, 
{"ReservationId":2,"ClientName":"Steve","Location":"New York"}, 
{"ReservationId":3,"ClientName":"Jacqui","Location":"Paris"}] 

如果是Chrome或者Firefox结果则是XML:

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<ArrayOfReservation> 
  <Reservation> 
    <ClientName>Adam</ClientName> 
    <Location>London</Location> 
    <ReservationId>1</ReservationId> 
  </Reservation> 
  <Reservation> 
    <ClientName>Steve</ClientName> 
    <Location>New York</Location> 
    <ReservationId>2</ReservationId> 
  </Reservation> 
  <Reservation> 
    <ClientName>Jacqui</ClientName> 
    <Location>Paris</Location> 
    <ReservationId>3</ReservationId> 
  </Reservation> 
</ArrayOfReservation> 
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这种区别源于浏览器提交的Accept头,IE10发送的Accept头类似:

... 
Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* 
...

表示IE10优先接受 text/html,接下来是application/xhtml+xml,如果前两者不可行, */*表示接受任何格式。Web API支持XML和JSON两种格式,但是优先使用JSON,所以IE10得到的*/*选择的JSON格式。Chrome发送的Accept头类似:

... 
Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 
... 

Chrome优先接受application/xml,所以WEB API使用XML格式发送数据。

理解API控制器如何作用

在IE10中如果访问/api/reservation/3,得到的JSON数据类似:

{"ReservationId":3,"ClientName":"Jacqui","Location":"Paris"}

这里得到的ReservationIdvalue=3的对象数据,这和MVC的路径映射很相似,实际上确实也是这样,API有自己的的路径映射,定义在 WebApiConfig.cs文件中:

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using System.Web.Http;

namespace WebServices {
    public static class WebApiConfig {
        public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config) {
            config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
                name: "DefaultApi",
                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
            );
        }
    }
}
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这里的路径映射非常类似于MVC控制器的路径映射,但是所用的路径映射表和配置类都来自于System.Web.Http命名空间,Microsoft在这个命名空间复制了MVC的对应的类,这样做使得我们可以脱离MVC单独使用WEB API。这里注册的API路径映射最后在global.asax中通过WebApiConfig.Register(GlobalConfiguration.Configuration)注册到全局配置文件中。

和MVC控制器通过URL选择action方法不同,API控制器根据HTTP请求方法的不同来选择API控制器方法。API控制器方法的命名规则一般是HTTP方法作为前缀加上控制器的名称,比如GetReservation(这只是常规做法,DoGetReservation、ThisIsTheGetAction都是允许的),我们从浏览器访问/api/reservation所用的HTTP方法为GET,API控制器会查找所有包含GET的所有控制器方法,GetReservation和GetAllReservations都在考虑之类,但是具体选择哪个还参考了所带的参数,访问/api/reservation没有任何参数,因此API控制器选择了GetAllReservations,访问/api/reservation/3自然就选择了GetReservation。由此我们也知道PostReservation、PutReservation、DeleteReservation分别对应HTTP的Post、Put、Delete三种方法(WEB API的Representation State Transfer - REST)。

PutReservation方法命名多少有点不自然,我们更习惯称呼它为UpdateReservation,和MVC一样,System.Web.Http也提供一些特性可以应用于控制器方法:

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public class ReservationController : ApiController {
        IReservationRepository repo = ReservationRepository.getRepository();

        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAllReservations() {
            return repo.GetAll();
        }

        public Reservation GetReservation(int id) {
            return repo.Get(id);
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public Reservation CreateReservation(Reservation item) {
            return repo.Add(item);
        }

        [HttpPut]
        public bool UpdateReservation(Reservation item) {
            return repo.Update(item);
        }

        public void DeleteReservation(int id) {
            repo.Remove(id);
        }
    }
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这里通过HttpPost特性指定CreateReservation对应HTTP的POST请求,HttpPut指定UpdateReservation对应HTTP的PUT请求,MVC也有类似的特性,但是注意它们虽然同名但是定义在System.Web.Http命名空间。

使用WEB API

如同常规WEB服务,我们可以有多种方式来调用WEB API,比如windows form程序、其他ASP.NET应用程序,这里给出如何在当前MVC应用中利用javascript脚本来使用web api。

视图文件index.cshtml:

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@{ ViewBag.Title = "Index";}
@section scripts {
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Scripts/Home/Index.js"></script>
}
<div id="summaryDisplay" class="display">
    <h4>Reservations</h4>
    <table>
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th class="selectCol"></th>
                <th class="nameCol">Name</th>
                <th class="locationCol">Location</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody id="tableBody">
            <tr><td colspan="3">The data is loading</td></tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
    <div id="buttonContainer">
        <button id="refresh">Refresh</button>
        <button id="add">Add</button>
        <button id="edit">Edit</button>
        <button id="delete">Delete</button>
    </div>
</div>

<div id="addDisplay" class="display">
    <h4>Add New Reservation</h4>
    @{
        AjaxOptions addAjaxOpts = new AjaxOptions {
            OnSuccess = "getData",
            Url = "/api/reservation"
        };
    }
    @using (Ajax.BeginForm(addAjaxOpts)) {
        @Html.Hidden("ReservationId", 0)
        <p><label>Name:</label>@Html.Editor("ClientName")</p>
        <p><label>Location:</label>@Html.Editor("Location")</p>
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    }
</div>

<div id="editDisplay" class="display">
    <h4>Edit Reservation</h4>
    <form id="editForm">
        <input id="editReservationId" type="hidden" name="ReservationId"/>
        <p><label>Name:</label><input id="editClientName" name="ClientName" /></p>
        <p><label>Location:</label><input id="editLocation" name="Location" /></p>
    </form>
    <button id="submitEdit" type="submit">Save</button>
</div>
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Index.js:

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function selectView(view) {
    $(‘.display‘).not(‘#‘ + view + "Display").hide();
    $(‘#‘ + view + "Display").show();
}

function getData() {
    $.ajax({
        type: "GET",
        url: "/api/reservation",
        success: function (data) {
            $(‘#tableBody‘).empty();
            for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
                $(‘#tableBody‘).append(‘<tr><td><input id="id" name="id" type="radio"‘
                    + ‘value="‘ + data[i].ReservationId + ‘" /></td>‘
                    + ‘<td>‘ + data[i].ClientName + ‘</td>‘
                    + ‘<td>‘ + data[i].Location + ‘</td></tr>‘);
            }
            $(‘input:radio‘)[0].checked = "checked";
            selectView("summary");
        }
    });
}

$(document).ready(function () {
    selectView("summary");
    getData();
    $("button").click(function (e) {
        var selectedRadio = $(‘input:radio:checked‘)
        switch (e.target.id) {
            case "refresh":
                getData();
                break;
            case "delete":
                $.ajax({
                    type: "DELETE",
                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),
                    success: function (data) {
                        selectedRadio.closest(‘tr‘).remove();
                    }
                });
                break;
            case "add":
                selectView("add");
                break;
            case "edit":
                $.ajax({
                    type: "GET",
                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),
                    success: function (data) {
                        $(‘#editReservationId‘).val(data.ReservationId);
                        $(‘#editClientName‘).val(data.ClientName);
                        $(‘#editLocation‘).val(data.Location);
                        selectView("edit");
                    }
                });
                break;
            case "submitEdit":
                $.ajax({
                    type: "PUT",
                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),
                    data: $(‘#editForm‘).serialize(),
                    success: function (result) {
                        if (result) {
                            var cells = selectedRadio.closest(‘tr‘).children();
                            cells[1].innerText = $(‘#editClientName‘).val();
                            cells[2].innerText = $(‘#editLocation‘).val();
                            selectView("summary");
                        }
                    }
                });
                break;
        }
    });
});
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第一次访问index视图HTML界面装载完成后调用JS函数selectView("summary"),它显示ID=summaryDisplay的DIV块,隐藏其他的addDisplay、editDisplay块,然后通过调用JS函数getData(),getData使用GET方法向WEB API请求数据,返回的数据每个项目一行在表格中。summaryDisplay底部有Refresh、Add、Edit、Delete四个按钮,这些按钮的点击在“$("button").click(function (e)”处理;点击Refresh时调用getdata刷新数据;点击add时隐藏其他DIV块,显示addDisplay DIV块,这个DIV块创建一个AJAX表单,POST方法提交到API控制器的CreateReservation;EDIT按钮根据当前的选项从/api/reservation/{id} GET相应的对象后显示editDisplay DIV块,同时隐藏其他DIV块;点击editDisplay DIV块中的submitEdit按钮,JS使用PUT方法请求/api/reservation/{id}调用API控制器的UpdateReservation方法修改数据,完成后再次显示summaryDisplay DIV块,隐藏其他DIV块;点击delete按钮则是使用DELETE方法请求/api/reservation/{id}调用控制器方法DeleteReservation删除对象,完成后删除summaryDisplay DIV块中的相应行。

 

以上为对《Apress Pro ASP.NET MVC 4》第四版相关内容的总结,不详之处参见原版 http://www.apress.com/9781430242369。 

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